Plain X ray
Normally we see
Skeletal system
Soft tissue shadow: psoas may be absent in
Abnormal
Calcification: frpm above to below
Gases : نفس أسباب أيه
IVU or IVP
لو تعبانه شويه نعمل أيهThGood renal function
Preparation, then plain X ray
Injection of urographin ازاى و الجرعه
The phases
Nephrographic phase : 3: 5 minutes
Pyelographic phase: 10: 15 minutes
Cystographic phase: 30 minutes
Contraindications
Absolute : pregnancy
Relative
Allergy
D.M. if Creatinine more than 2
Multiple myeloma
CHF & CRF & Dehydration & Gout
ايه كمان
باقى أشعات الصبغه لحالات معينه
Retrograde ( ascending urogram)
Antegrade pyelography ( nepherostogram)
Cystogram
Ascending uretherogram مش حلو فى أيه
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US
Advantage
Non invasive, no radiation, used in high risk
Disadvant.
Need experience & difficult in obese, no evaluation of function
Indication:
Diagnostic : renal mass & truma, postvoiding urine, mass of prostate,---
Interventional : guided biopsy
Types:
Abdominal
Transrectal
Scrotal
Endoluminal
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Aeitology of urinary stones
Factor affecting stone formation
Genetic: cystinuria & acidosis
Environmental
Theory of stone
Supsaturation
Nidus
Urinary inbibitors
Calcium stone
Intestinal hyperabsorpation of Ca or Oxalate
Hypercalciuria with hyperparathyrodism
المختلفهUric acid stone
Low PH & Low urinary inhibitor & hyperuricosuria
Cystine stone
Cystinuria
Struvite stone
Alkaline media caused by urease activity
Urea split into amonia which increaePH lead to perciptation of Mg & NH3 phosphate